The "Universality" of the Genetic Code: Two Explanations
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A 3 page overview of the two primary theories concerning the creation of life. These theories are the Big Bang theory and the Creationist theory. While significant effort has been expended demonstrating the validity of the Big Bang theory, there always remains the exceptions in the so-called universal genetic code that are not explained. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPgenCod.rtf

The Advantages Of Bioengineering
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6 pages in length. Despite the throngs of critics who oppose the use of bioengineering in current endeavors, this scientific strategy has only begun to open doors that have otherwise never before been accessible. There are myriad possibilities for people's lives to become enhanced in ways that have not ever existed; researchers have only just applied the very tip of what technological mastery they have uncovered. The writer discusses how rapid advances in bioengineering not only represent humanity's ongoing quest for a more pleasurable existence, but also how it symbolizes the ability to provide where nature leaves off. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCBioEn.wps

The Age Of Dinosaurs
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This 5 page paper provides a tutorial with the thesis: precursors to the dinosaurs have assisted in understanding where the dinosaurs came from and why they ceased to exist. The paper includes an introduction, discussion and tutorial for a summary and conclusion. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KTdnosur2.rtf

The Benefits of Genetic Engineering
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(8pp) Have you ever wondered how we as humans have managed to make any progress at all? With any major development there are nay-sayers, or those who know that latest invention will not only derail the future of the world, but also the children of that future. Fear is a major propaganda tool. And we must remember to get the information before we make a decision on any debatable technological advancement: genetic engineering within the area of biotechnology is definitely one of those fields, and provides the basis for this discussion. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: BBgeneng.doc

The Benefits of Genetically Modified Food
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A 9 page discussion of the benefits of bioengineering, the genetic alteration of food species. Presents the contention that genetically altered food species are the key to feeding the world's ever increasing population on the ever decreasing agricultural areas. Counters objections to bioengineering and concludes that it is the people themselves who should decide the direction of bioengineering. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPfoodGn.wps

The Biology and Ethics of Human Cloning
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This 9 page paper provides an overview of cloning in general and then goes into political, moral and social implications of human cloning. Both sides are explored, but the paper supports the concept of human cloning. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: SA231cln.rtf

The Burgess Shale Fauna/Dinosaur to Bird Fossil Record: Parallels and Contrasts
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An 11 page comparison of the simplicity of the animal species preserved in the Burgess Shale Deposit and the complex evolutionary path recorded in the fossil record for modern-day birds. Discusses the controversy and debate surrounding the question of the speculated origin of birds from dinosaurs. Discusses the current findings in the field and the need for additional research. Paper concludes that not only is there no current connection between the Burgess Shale deposit and the evolutionary path of our modern birds, the theories that connect modern day birds to dinosaurs will undoubtedly continue to be challenged in the future. Emphasizes that research is ongoing, however, and that the probability of identifying a clear and irrefutable association between the dinosaurs and the modern birds is more probable than improbable. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPdinoBd.wps

The Cell as a "Supramolecular Machine"
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An 8 page overview of cellular function. Concentrating on cellular function in viruses, the author utilizes RNA to illustrate the view that the cell is a supramolecular machine. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPrnaCll.rtf

The Ediacaran Biota of the Precambrian: A Separate Kingdom or The Ancestors of Modern Animals
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A 10 page overview of the Ediacaran Biota, an assemblage of fascinating organisms first discovered in the fossil record in 1946. Describes the ongoing controversy as to whether these organisms belonged to the Animal Kingdom or comprised their own previously undescribed kingdom. Presents the ancillary question that if these organisms were indeed animals did they die out in the Precambrian or are they actually the ancestors of modern day animals. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPfossil.wps

The Ethics Of Human Cloning
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A 5 page paper. There is an ongoing debate regarding the ethics of cloning. This essay presents both the benefits and dangers of cloning humans. The writer then presents an argument to support one side of the issue. 1 table is included. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PGhumcl2.rtf

The Evolution of Teeth
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A 10 page outline of the evolution of teeth from the lower vertebrates to more advanced species such as man. Describes the origin of jaw structure and structures such as conodonts (minute toothlike structures) which were the precursors of advanced teeth. Outlines the further evolution of these teeth in the higher mammals with the appearance of features like the hypocone which expanded the grinding surface of teeth and resulted in an explosion of mammal species some forty thousand years ago. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPevTeth.wps

The Evolution-Creationism Debate
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This 5 page paper examines both points of view and concludes that these are not necessarily competing theories and may even complement each other. The debate is discussed and each concept is defined and explored. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA512evo.rtf

The Extinction Vortex in Regard to Bees
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This 8 page paper discusses the “extinction vortex” with regard to what it is and how it is used. It also examines such things as the sex ratio, population size and lethal recessive allele with regard to species survival. Finally, it discusses the apparent die-off of bees in the U.S. and considers reasons for it. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: HVExtVor.rtf

The Future of Human Cloning.
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(7 pp) The idea of human cloning either sounds like something out of a bad science fiction movie, is a boon to medical science or a travesty to morality. As in the case of most exaggerations, there is a shred of truth in all of them. Although our proposed challenge is to project what might happen, some of those projections will be examined under a humorous light. Generally speaking we learn best when we can laugh. Other projections are as assigned. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BBclone.doc